T1 space

The title of this article is incorrect because of technical limitations. The correct title is T1 space.

In topology and related branches of mathematics, T1 spaces and R0 spaces are particularly nice kinds of topological spaces. The T1 and R0 properties are examples of separation axioms.

 Contents

Definitions

Let X be a topological space and let x and y be points in X. We say that x and y can be separated if each lies in an open set which does not contain the other point.

• X is a T1 space if any two distinct points in X can be separated.

A T1 space is also called an accessible space or a Fréchet space and a R0 space is also called an symmetric space. (The term Fréchet space also refers to an entirely different notion from functional analysis. For this reason, the term T1 space is preferred).

Properties

Let X be a topological space. Then the following conditions are equivalent:

• X is a T1 space.
• X is a T0 space and an R0 space.
• Points are closed in X; i.e. given any x in X, the singleton set {x} is a closed set.
• Every finite set is closed.
• Every cofinite set of X is open.
• The fixed ultrafilter at x converges only to x.
• For every point x in X and every subset S of X, x is a limit point of S if and only if every open neighbourhood of x contains infinitely many points of S.
Proof. Suppose singletons are closed in X. Let S be a subset of X and x a limit point of S. Suppose there is an open neighbourhood U of x that contains only finitely many points of S. Then U \ (S \ {x}) is an open neighbourhood of x that does not contain any points of S other than x. (Here is where we use the fact that singletons are closed.) This contradicts the fact that x is a limit point of S. Thus, every open neighbourhood of x contains infinitely many points of S. Conversely, suppose there is a point x in X such that the singleton {x} is not closed. Then there is a point yx in the closure of {x}. We claim that any open neighbourhood U of y contains x. For suppose not; then the complement of U in X would be a closed set containing x, and the closure of {x} would be contained in the complement of U. Since y is in the closure of {x}, this would force y not to be in U, contradicting the fact that U is a neighbourhood of y. We have shown that y is a limit point of S = {x}. But it is clear that X is a neighbourhood of y that does not contain infinitely many points of S.

Let X be a topological space. Then the following conditions are equivalent:

• X is an R0 space.
• Given any x in X, the closure of {x} owns only the points that x is topologically indistinguishable from.
• The fixed ultrafilter at x converges only to the points that x is topologically indistinguishable from.
• The Kolmogorov quotient of X (which identifies topologically indistinguishable points) is T1.

In any topological space we have, as properties of any two points, the following implications

separatedtopologically distinguishabledistinct

If the first arrow can be reversed the space is R0. If the second arrow can be reversed the space is T0. If the composite arrow can be reversed the space is T1. Clearly, a space is T1 if and only if it's both R0 and T0.

Note that a finite T1 space is necessarily discrete (since every set is closed).

Examples

The Zariski topology on an algebraic variety is T1. To see this, note that a point with local coordinates (c1,...,cn) is the zero set of the polynomials x1-c1, ..., xn-cn. Thus, the point is closed. However, this example is well known as a space that is not Hausdorff (T2).

For a more concrete example, let's look at the cofinite topology on an infinite set. Specifically, let X be the set of integers, and define the open sets OA to be those subsets of X which contain all but a finite subset A of X. Then given distinct integers x and y:

• the open set O{x} contains y but not x, and the open set O{y} contains x and not y;
• equivalently, every singleton set {x} is the complement of the open set O{x}, so it is a closed set;

so the resulting space is T1 by each of the definitions above. This space is not T2, because the intersection of any two open sets OA and OB is OAB, which is never empty. Alternatively, the set of even integers is compact but not closed, which would be impossible in a Hausdorff space.

We can modify this example slightly to get an R0 space that is neither T1 nor R1. Let X be the set of integers again, and using the definition of OA from the previous example, define a basis of open sets Gx for any integer x to be Gx = O{x, x+1} if x is an even number, and Gx = O{x-1, x} if x is odd. Then the open sets of X are, unions of the basis sets

[itex]U_A := \bigcup_{x \in A} G(x) [itex]

The resulting space is not T0 (and hence not T1), because the points x and x + 1 (for x even) are topologically indistinguishable; but otherwise it is essentially equivalent to the previous example.

Generalisations to other kinds of spaces

The terms "T1", "R0", and their synonyms can also be applied to such variations of topological spaces as uniform spaces, Cauchy spaces, and convergence spaces. The characteristic that unites the concept in all of these examples is that limits of fixed ultrafilters (or constant nets) are unique (for T1 spaces) or unique up to topological indistinguishability (for R0 spaces).

As it turns out, uniform spaces, and more generally Cauchy spaces, are always R0, so the T1 condition in these cases reduces to the T0 condition. But R0 alone can be an interesting condition on other sorts of convergence spaces, such as pretopological spaces.

See also

Navigation

Academic Kids Menu

• Art and Cultures
• Art (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Art)
• Architecture (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Architecture)
• Cultures (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Cultures)
• Music (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Music)
• Musical Instruments (http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/List_of_musical_instruments)
• Biographies (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Biographies)
• Clipart (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Clipart)
• Geography (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Geography)
• Countries of the World (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Countries)
• Maps (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Maps)
• Flags (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Flags)
• Continents (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Continents)
• History (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/History)
• Ancient Civilizations (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Ancient_Civilizations)
• Industrial Revolution (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Industrial_Revolution)
• Middle Ages (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Middle_Ages)
• Prehistory (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Prehistory)
• Renaissance (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Renaissance)
• Timelines (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Timelines)
• United States (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/United_States)
• Wars (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Wars)
• World History (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/History_of_the_world)
• Human Body (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Human_Body)
• Mathematics (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Mathematics)
• Reference (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Reference)
• Science (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Science)
• Animals (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Animals)
• Aviation (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Aviation)
• Dinosaurs (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Dinosaurs)
• Earth (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Earth)
• Inventions (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Inventions)
• Physical Science (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Physical_Science)
• Plants (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Plants)
• Scientists (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Scientists)
• Social Studies (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Social_Studies)
• Anthropology (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Anthropology)
• Economics (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Economics)
• Government (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Government)
• Religion (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Religion)
• Holidays (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Holidays)
• Space and Astronomy
• Solar System (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Solar_System)
• Planets (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Planets)
• Sports (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Sports)
• Timelines (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Timelines)
• Weather (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Weather)
• US States (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/US_States)

Information

• Home Page (http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php)
• Contact Us (http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Contactus)

• Clip Art (http://classroomclipart.com)